International Journal of Multidisciplinary Innovative Research (IJMIR)
International Journal of Multidisciplinary Innovative Research (IJMIR) is commited to breaking down traditional barriers and fostering a cross-pollination of ideas. Rather than focusing on a single niche, this journal provides a unified platform for diverse fields—such as engineering, social sciences, medicine, and the humanities—to converge on complex, real-world problems. The emphasis of IJMIR is on innovation and research which means it prioritizes original methodologies, disruptive technologies, and creative solutions that might not fit within the rigid boundaries of specialized publications. By bridging these gaps, the journal aims to catalyze holistic discoveries that address global challenges, ensuring that research from one domain can inform, elevate and progress to another domain.
Council of Industrial Innovation and Research (CIIR)
Modulating Selectivity of Avocado Seed-Derived Carbon Dots Toward Pesticides: Role of Synthesis Temperature on Paraquat Detection
The widespread use of pesticides in agriculture has boosted productivity but raised environmental and health concerns due to their persistence and toxicity. In this study, carbon dots (CDs) were synthesized from avocado seed, a sustainable biomass precursor, via carbonization at 250, 400, and 600 °C. The influence of synthesis temperature on structural, surface, and optical properties was systematically examined along with the sensing performance towards pesticides. All the proposed nanoprobes were tested against malathion, dimethoate, dichlorvos, diazinon, paraquat, propiconazole, glyphosate, and chlorpyrifos. Results revealed a clear synthesis temperature-dependent selectivity toward paraquat, attributed to variations in surface functionality and electronic structure that modulate CDs interaction with the analytes and charge-transfer processes. Paraquat was detected with a limit of detection (LOD) of ~2.5μM. These findings highlight the critical role of synthesis conditions in tuning specificity and provide insight into the relationships among structure, optical properties, and selectivity of biomass-derived CDs for pesticide sensing.
Carbon Dots, Paraquat, Temperature-dependent, Selectivity, Optical Sensor, Pesticides.
Copyright (c) 2026 Council of Industrial Innovation and Research (CIIR), Noida, India. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Many Faces of Mental Health: Integrating Biological, Psychological and Sociological Perspectives
Mental health is often understood through biological and psychological frameworks that emphasize brain functioning, genetics, cognition, emotions, and individual behaviour. While these approaches have contributed significantly to the diagnosis and treatment of mental illness, they frequently overlook the broader social conditions that shape mental wellbeing. This paper examines mental health through an integrated biopsychosocial perspective by engaging with biological, psychological, and sociological explanations. The biological perspective highlights genetics, neurochemistry, and brain processes in understanding mental disorders. The psychological perspective focuses on cognition, emotions, personality, and family interactions. In contrast, the sociological perspective emphasizes the influence of social structures, cultural values, inequality, stress, and lived experiences on mental health. Drawing on key theoretical contributions from scholars across these perspectives, the paper argues that mental health cannot be adequately explained through a single framework. Instead, it should be understood as a multidimensional and socially situated phenomenon shaped by the interaction of biological, psychological, and social factors.
Mental Health, Biopsychosocial Perspective, Stress Theory, Labeling Theory, Structural Strain Theory.
Development of a Correlation Model for Avian Botulism Outbreak in Sambhar Lake, Rajasthan, India
Sambhar Lake, India’s largest inland saline wetland and a Ramsar site, supports diverse migratory bird populations. In recent years, the lake has experienced significant environmental changes due to industrial activity, unregulated salt extraction, agricultural runoff, and wastewater inflow, altering key ecological parameters. These changes have led to recurrent outbreaks of avian botulism caused by Clostridium botulinum, resulting in large-scale bird mortality since 2019. Despite repeated incidents, there is a lack of predictive tools for outbreak assessment. This study based on data from Nawa region of Sambhar Lake develops a logistic regression-based correlation model to estimate outbreak probability and provide an early warning framework for effective management.
Avian Botulism, Bird Mortality, Outbreak, Clostridium Botulinum, Sāmbhar Lake.
Order Under Siege: Assessment of Anomie, Authoritarianism, and Psychological Distress in the Context of Political Crisis and Pandemic in Peru
Peru offers a striking case of political instability. Between 2016 and 2021, the country experienced five presidencies, repeated institutional ruptures, and the severe impact of COVID-19. This setting turned social disorder into an everyday experience. The study explores how perceived anomie relates to psychological distress, considering support for strong leaders and right-wing authoritarianism (RWA) as linked processes. Data from 387 adults, collected in late 2020, were analyzed through a serial mediation model with 5,000 resamples. Findings indicate that higher anomie aligns with greater preference for strong leadership, which in turn aligns with stronger authoritarian attitudes. RWA shows a modest inverse relation with distress, producing a small indirect effect. At the same time, anomie maintains a positive and significant direct relation with distress, which reveals that authoritarian orientations soften emotional strain without removing it. These results reflect Peru’s political trajectory, marked by weak institutional trust and a history of authoritarian rule. In this context, authoritarian leanings can function as a psychological response to uncertainty. The study broadens research on ideological coping by situating it in a society facing political instability alongside a public health crisis, and highlights the need for mental health strategies that address the social roots of distress.
Anomie, Right-wing Authoritarianism, Psychological Distress, Political Crisis, COVID-19, Sequential Mediation.
Impact of Loyalty Programs on Building Long-Term Customer Relationships in Georgia: An Empirical Analysis
The research presented in the article examines the role of loyalty programs in establishing long-term relationships with customers. In particular, the nature, goals and role of loyalty programs in establishing long-term relationships with customers are studied. Loyalty programs are a powerful tool that serves not only to retain customers, but also to manage their behavior and steadily grow the business. Since satisfied customers have a positive effect on maintaining and growing company revenues, attention is increasing towards relationship marketing. The issue of selecting effective means to retain existing customers has become increasingly relevant. The theoretical part of the research is based on marketing concepts, theories and principles, the main of which is relationship marketing. The practical part of the article includes an analysis of loyalty programs of companies operating in various sectors of the Georgian market. The main emphasis is placed on customer attitudes towards various types of loyalty programs and their tools, the benefits they receive and changes in their behavior. The research uses quantitative research methods. The results of the study indicate that properly planned and technologically sound loyalty programs significantly increase customer engagement, satisfaction, customer lifetime value (CLV) and strengthen their emotional connection with the brand. The work is of practical importance for marketing specialists and companies that aim to achieve greater success in the market and develop customer-oriented strategies and tactics. The study showed that not only material incentives, but also emotional motivators, such as status, exclusivity and individual approach, have a significant impact on customer behavior. It was proven that properly designed loyalty programs reduce the likelihood of a customer switching to another company.
Loyalty Programs, Customer Satisfaction, Consumer Behavior, Marketing Research.
A Review on Basalt Fibers and Their Composite Systems: Challenges, Limitations, and Applications
Basalt-fibers (BFs), derived from natural basalt rock, are emerging as a cost-effective, mid-performance reinforcement material for fiber-reinforced polymer composites (FRPs), offering a balance between glass fibers (GFs) and carbon fibers (CFs). Compared to GFs, BFs demonstrate superior mechanical properties, thermal stability, and chemical resistance, enabling reliable performance in harsh environments. While not matching the specific stiffness and strength of CFs, BFs composites show enhanced tensile, flexural, impact, and damping properties over GFs composites, with durability approaching that of aramid fibers (AFs). Performance can be further improved through fiber surface treatments and hybridization. Economically and environmentally, the production of BFs benefits from abundant raw materials and lower energy requirements, resulting in a reduced environmental footprint. These attributes make BFRPs well-suited for structural applications in civil infrastructure, marine, automotive, and fire-resistant systems.
Basalt Fiber (BF), Fiber-reinforced Polymer Composites (FRPs), Mechanical Properties, Thermal Stability, Durability, Environmental Impact.
A Systematic Inquiry of Algebraic Implications of Boolean–Like Near Rings Under Pseudo Commutativity
A. L.Foster and Alfred L.Foster introduced “Boolean-like rings” as generalizations of Boolean rings, and this concept was extended to “Boolean-like near-rings” by researchers like Clay, James.R and Lawver, Donald. In this paper, we have established conditions under which pseudo-commutative Boolean-like near-rings exhibit properties such as idempotency, distributive behaviour, and reduced ideal structures. Pseudo-commutativity is shown to impose significant constraints on the multiplication structure, leading to results analogous to those obtained under full commutativity. We defined the equivalence relation N on R×S by (????1, ????1) ~ (????2, ????1) if there exists an element ???? ∈ ???? such that ????(????1????2 − ????2????1) = 0. The study demonstrates that pseudo-commutativity serves as an effective substitute for commutativity in deriving key structural results, thereby broadening the scope of Boolean-like near-ring theory and offering new directions for further research.
Near-ring, Boolean-like Near Ring, Pseudo Commutativity, Distributivity, Reduced, Nilpotent, Idempotent.
Investigation of the Effects of Armed Banditry on the Socio-Economic Development in the North-West Region of Nigeria
The primary objective of this research is to investigate the consequences of armed banditry on socioeconomic development in Nigeria's northwestern states. The target population of the study consist of all the states in the North-West Geo-political Zone and all the businessmen, farmers, government officials and security personnel in North-Western states of Nigeria. The researchers selected four states of Zamfara, Kaduna, Katsina, and Sokoto states as the sample states for the study. The frequency distribution table and simple percentage was used in analysing the respondent’s demographic data, the mean and Standard Deviation methods of data analysis was used to answer the research questions that were raised in this study. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) was used to determine the mean and the standard deviation for data analysis. The chi-square method of data analysis was used in testing the research hypotheses formulated for the study. The paper concluded that the pervasive and escalating armed banditry in Nigeria's North-West region has inflicted profound and multifaceted damage on its socio-economic development, creating a complex web of challenges that threaten the very fabric of society and hinder progress. Without a concerted and sustained effort to tackle both the symptoms and root causes of armed banditry, the North-West region of Nigeria risks being trapped in a cycle of violence and underdevelopment, with devastating implications for its people and the nation as a whole. Based on the above the following recommendations were put forward: There is the need Deploy additional well-equipped and adequately trained security personnel to banditry-prone areas, focusing on rapid response and sustained operations. This entails stepping up ground patrols and aerial surveillance capabilities. Additionally, corruption in government institutions and security organizations must be addressed since it frequently thwarts attempt to stop banditry and erodes public confidence.
Social Issues, People Welfare, Armed Banditry, Socio-economic Development, Nigeria.
A Systematic Review of Smart Energy Management Systems for University Campuses: Technology Synthesis and Framework Development for Developing Countries
University campuses are significant energy consumers, particularly in developing nations where electricity expenditure can represent 15–25% of total operational budgets. This paper presents a systematic review of smart energy management technologies applied in university building contexts, examining four categories: IoT-based monitoring platforms, AI and machine learning optimization methods, smart sensor networks, and solar photovoltaic integration. Evidence synthesis across 40+ peer-reviewed studies indicates that IoT sub-metering achieves 5–15% baseline reductions, AI-driven control contributes an additional 8–25%, and coupled solar-BEMS deployments reduce net grid consumption by 25–40%, yielding combined savings of 20–42% under full deployment. These findings inform the development of the Smart Campus Energy Management System (SCEMS) — a three-tier framework calibrated to the technical, economic, and regulatory context of Vietnamese universities, providing a structured deployment pathway from foundational monitoring through advanced AI optimization.
Campus Energy Management, IoT Monitoring, AI Optimization, Building Energy Management Systems (BEMS), Renewable Energy Integration, Developing Countries.
Assessment of Teachers’ Utilization of Instructional Materials for Effective Teaching in Early Childhood Care and Education Centres in Yola North LGA, Adamawa State, Nigeria
This study was designed to assess teachers’ utilization of instructional materials for effective teaching in Early Child Care Development Centres in Yola-North LGA of Adamawa State, Nigeria. The study's population comprises all sixty-six (66) teachers from the 23 public Early Childhood Care Education Centres in Yola-North LGA of Adamawa State. The researchers have opted to include sixty-six (66) teachers and to collect quantitative data the researchers developed and distributed a structured questionnaire to the teachers. The data collected for the study were analysed to answer the research questions raised for the study with a decision mean value of 2.50. indicating that any item with a mean score >2.50 is accepted where as an item with a mean score <2.50 is rejected. The finding of the study revealed that although there exists a significant awareness of the significance of instructional materials among ECCE educators in Yola North, their actual application is frequently obstructed by systemic issues such as insufficient funding, a scarcity of locally sourced materials, and inadequate professional development opportunities. The findings indicate that when educators successfully incorporate visual, auditory, and tactile resources, there is a noticeable enhancement in student engagement and information retention. Based on these findings, the researchers recommended that: There is a necessity to enhance Teacher Proficiency through Continuous Professional Development and There is a necessity to institutionalize the Culture of Improvisation of instructional materials.
Assessment of Education System, Utilization of Instructional Materials, Effective Teaching, Early Childhood Care, Education Centres.
Solanum Nigrum and Its Therapeutic Applications in Oral Mucosal Lesions: A Review
Oral mucosal lesions represent a wide range of pathological conditions affecting the lining of the oral cavity. These lesions may develop due to trauma, infections, immune-mediated disorders, nutritional deficiencies, systemic diseases, or adverse drug reactions. Common examples include recurrent aphthous ulcers, oral mucositis, leukoplakia, oral lichen planus, and oral candidiasis. Such conditions often cause pain, inflammation, ulceration, and discomfort that can significantly interfere with normal oral functions such as mastication, speech, and swallowing. Conventional treatment strategies for oral mucosal lesions usually involve the use of corticosteroids, antimicrobial agents, analgesics, and antifungal drugs. Although these treatments may provide symptomatic relief, long-term use can lead to undesirable side effects and the possibility of drug resistance. Medicinal plants have gained increasing importance in recent years due to their therapeutic properties and relatively fewer adverse effects. Solanum nigrum, commonly known as black nightshade, is a medicinal herb widely used in traditional systems of medicine such as Ayurveda and Siddha. The plant contains several bioactive compounds including steroidal alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, tannins, and phenolic compounds that contribute to its pharmacological properties. Studies have demonstrated that extracts of Solanum nigrum possess antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, immunomodulatory, and wound-healing activities. These biological effects may play an important role in the prevention and management of oral mucosal lesions by reducing inflammation, inhibiting microbial growth, and promoting tissue regeneration. The present review aims to discuss the etiology, classification, and clinical manifestations of oral mucosal lesions while highlighting the phytochemical composition and pharmacological mechanisms through which Solanum nigrum may contribute to their management.
Oral Mucosal Lesions, Solanum Nigrum, Phytochemicals, Anti-inflammatory Activity, Antimicrobial Effects, Wound Healing, Herbal Medicine, Oral Health.
Assessment of the Impact of Boko Haram Insurgency on Human Capital Development in North-East Nigeria (2010-2024)
The Boko Haram insurgency in Nigeria's northeast geographic zone began as sectarian religious violence and has now evolved into a series of terrorist actions with worldwide linkages, making it a difficult issue for the Nigerian government to resolve. The impact of the Boko Haram insurgency on human capital development is enormous and cannot be emphasized. This study analyses the implications of Boko Haram insurgency on Human Capital Development in North-East Nigeria between 2010-2024. Due to the extensive number of states in the region, the researchers have chosen to focus the study on three states: Adamawa, Borno, and Yobe. From these, a sample of 1200 respondents were selected, comprising 400 civil servants, 400 security personnel, and 400 NGO workers, to represent the sample population for the study. The researchers developed a 17-item questionnaire utilizing a modified 4-point Likert scale. The frequency distribution table and simple percentage was used in analyzing the respondent’s demographic data, the mean and Standard Deviation methods of data analysis was used to answer the research questions that were raised in this study. The ANOVA Statistics was used in testing the research hypotheses formulated for the study. This paper suggests that a stronger military presence, improved intelligence gathering, and community-based security initiatives are critical for deterring attacks and protecting vulnerable populations, particularly children and educators. Additionally, there is a need for a coordinated effort to repair and rehabilitate damaged schools, supply them with necessary educational resources, and guarantee that they are secure and productive to learning.
Boko Haram, Insurgency, Human Capital Development, Public Welfare, Nigeria.
First-Principles Investigation on the Impact of Electric Fields on the Electronic Properties of Monolayer SiS and SiS₂ for Nanoelectronic Applications
In this study, the structural and electronic properties of monolayer SiSx (x = 1, 2) and the influence of external electric fields were systematically investigated using first-principles density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The computed results reveal that both monolayer SiS and SiS2 are indirect-gap semiconductors with band gaps of approximately 3.0 eV and 2.2 eV, respectively, as determined using the HSE06 hybrid functional. Notably, the application of an external electric field can effectively and continuously modulate the electronic band structure and band gap of both materials, demonstrating strong potential for field-tunable electronic and optoelectronic devices. These findings not only deepen our understanding of the fundamental electronic properties of SiS-based monolayers but also provide essential theoretical guidance for their exploitation in next-generation nanoelectronic and optoelectronic technologies.
Band Gap, Semiconductors, Electric Field, Density Functional Theory, Monolayer Structures.
An Experimental Investigation of Sol-Gel Derived Undoped and Rare-Earth Yttrium Doped ZnO Thin Films Along with Their Transistors
In this report, the development of solution-processed sol-gel derived un-doped and rare-earth yttrium (Y) doped ZnO (Y-ZnO) thin films is presented. Both undoped and Y-ZnO thin films exhibited a highly preferred (002) c-axis orientation peak. The Y-ZnO thin film crystallinity was considerably improved with an increase of (002) peak intensity and grain size. O1s spectra of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) showed less number of oxygen vacancy-related defects present in the Y-ZnO as compared to undoped ZnO. The fabricated thin film transistor (TFT) based on un-doped ZnO exhibited an on/off current ratio of 102 and field effect mobility of 0.0052 cm2 V-1 s-1 and large threshold voltage respectively. However, Y-ZnO-based TFT showed an on/off current ratio exceeding 102, and electron mobility was achieved at 0.011 cm2 V-1 s-1.
ZnO Thin Films, Sol-Gel Method, Yttrium Doping, Thin Film Transistor (TFT), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Electron Mobility, Rare-Earth Doping.
Design of an Encryption-Based Automated Cloud Backup and Recovery Framework with Ransomware Resistance
This paper introduces an automated and secure cloud backup and recovery framework designed to enhance ransomware resilience through the integration of encryption, scheduled synchronization, and anomaly detection. The system utilizes client-side AES encryption to preserve data confidentiality prior to transmission, while SHA-256 hashing ensures data integrity throughout the backup and recovery processes. Automated synchronization maintains up-to-date encrypted copies, minimizing potential data loss and enabling efficient recovery of unaffected versions after ransomware incidents. Additionally, an anomaly detection module continuously monitors irregular encryption behaviors and file modification patterns to identify potential ransomware activity. The framework was implemented and tested using cloud platforms such as AWS S3 under simulated ransomware attacks. Experimental results indicate that the proposed system achieves strong confidentiality, integrity, and recovery reliability with minimal performance overhead. Overall, this approach offers a practical and robust solution for securing sensitive cloud data against ransomware threats while ensuring business continuity in dynamic and untrusted environments.
Ransomware Resilience, Cloud Backup, Cloud Recovery, AES Encryption, SHA-256 Hashing, Data Confidentiality, Data Integrity, Automated Synchronization, Anomaly Detection, Business Continuity.
A Study on Small and Medium Enterprises, Women Empowerment and Poverty Reduction in Cross River State, Nigeria
This study examines the role of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in women empowerment and poverty reduction among households in the Northern Senatorial District of Cross River State. Specifically, it aimed to: evaluate the impact of SMEs on women empowerment in the Northern Senatorial District of Cross River State and assess the impact of SMEs on poverty reduction in the Northern Senatorial District of Cross River State. This study adopted a descriptive survey research design. The population of this study comprises women engaged in SMEs (including trading, agro-processing, craft, and services) across the five LGAs in the Northern Senatorial District, as well as household heads in the same region. A multi-stage sampling technique was employed in the study. The sample size for this study was two hundred (200) women engaged in SMEs. The main instrument for data collection was the questionnaire, and primary data were analyzed using the Chi-square Statistical Technique. Findings from the Chi-square analyses revealed that there is a significant contribution of SMEs to women empowerment in the Northern Senatorial District of Cross River State. Further findings indicated that there is a significant contribution of SMEs to poverty reduction in the Northern Senatorial District of Cross River State. Based on the findings of the study it is recommended that government and financial institutions should expand access to low-interest loans, grants, and credit facilities specifically targeted at women-owned SMEs. Also, regular training programs in business management, digital marketing, record keeping, and financial literacy should be made available, particularly in rural areas. More so, government should invest in rural infrastructure such as roads, electricity, storage facilities, and internet connectivity to support SME activities and improve market access for products and services. Furthermore, government and private sectors should partner with NGOs and international development organizations to scale up successful SME interventions and promote inclusive development programs targeting women, among others.
Small and Medium Enterprises, Women Empowerment, Poverty Reduction, Chi-square, Cross River State, Nigeria.
Reversing Diabetes Naturally: Integrating Naturopathy and Yoga for Holistic Healing
Diabetes mellitus, particularly type 2 diabetes, has become a leading global health burden and a key marker of lifestyle imbalance. Conventional medical management primarily addresses glycaemic control, yet long-term reversal demands correction of the underlying metabolic, psychological, and behavioural causes. Naturopathy and Yoga—systems rooted in natural law and mind–body harmony—offer a sustainable, integrative pathway toward holistic diabetes management. This paper explores the combined role of naturopathic principles and yogic science in preventing and reversing diabetes through detoxification, nutrition, physical activity, and mind regulation. Evidence from global research demonstrates that structured yoga programmes can improve fasting glucose, HbA1c, and lipid profiles, while naturopathic interventions such as hydrotherapy, fasting, and plant-based diets enhance pancreatic efficiency and cellular metabolism. The article synthesises scientific findings, traditional wisdom, and clinical perspectives, highlighting how these approaches restore self-healing capacity (vis medicatrix naturae) and reduce pharmacological dependence. A conceptual framework for integrated practice is presented, emphasizing patient education, lifestyle correction, and stress modulation. The discussion also outlines a clinical case model for further application. Collectively, the synthesis suggests that combining Naturopathy and Yoga provides an effective, evidence supported, and economically viable strategy for diabetes care in the twenty-first century.
Yoga, Diabetes, Metabolism, Glycaemic, Detoxification, Naturopathy World Health.
Examination of Discrete Random Variable or “The Aberration of Mathematics” in "Blue Tigers" and the Limits of Language in "The Mirror and the Mask" by Jorge Luis Borges
This paper examines Jorge Luis Borges’s Blue Tigers and The Mirror and the Mask as parallel inquiries into the limits of formal systems: mathematics and language. In Blue Tigers, the chaotic numerical variation of magical stones represents an “aberration of mathematics.” We propose a pedagogical intervention, applying discrete random variables and probability distributions to model the stones’ behavior, demonstrating how statistical reasoning can impose order—yet also revealing its inadequacy before Borges’s intentionally irrational phenomenon. The Mirror and the Mask depict a parallel failure: the court poet’s odes progress from imitation to a transcendent, fatal line that shatters language in pursuit of absolute Beauty. Both narratives feature a hamartia: the logician and poet overreach the capacities of their respective systems. Their crises underscore Borges’s relativistic worldview, where reality eludes full comprehension through logic or words. Ultimately, the paper argues that these stories serve as rich interdisciplinary tools, challenging readers to reflect on the boundaries of knowledge while uniting literary analysis with mathematical concepts in an educational context.
Jorge Luis Borges, Blue Tigers, The Mirror and The Mask, Literary Mathematics, Limits of Language, Chaos and Order, Epistemology in Literature, Metaphysical Fiction, Relativism.
Financial Progress and Petroleum Price on Trade Openness in Bangladesh, India and Pakistan: A Qualitative Analysis (2018-2023)
This study examines the complex relationship between financial progress, petroleum price fluctuations and trade openness in Bangladesh, India, and Pakistan over the period 2018 to 2023. Employing a qualitative research approach, the paper synthesizes economic data drawn from reputable sources such as the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund (IMF), and national economic databases. The analysis focuses on how financial liberalization and the evolution of petroleum prices have influenced national trade policies, resulting in varying impacts on GDP growth, trade volumes, and overall economic performance. Theoretically, the study is attached in key frameworks of international trade and finance, including comparative advantage, balance of payments theory and the dual-gap model in developing economies. Narrative descriptions and analytical summaries of qualitative data form the basis of this investigation, providing unique insights into institutional adaptations and policy decisions in the three South Asian economies. The paper concludes by highlighting critical future research, especially in understanding the dynamics of financial reform during periods of volatile petroleum markets and recommends policies to further optimize trade liberalization processes. This research contributes to the literature on economic policy analysis and emphasizes the importance of integrating macroeconomic factors with global market fluctuations.
Financial Progress, Petroleum Price, Trade Openness, Trade Liberalization, South Asia.
Currency, Control and Repression: Analyzing the Creation of the Royal Mint of Segovia in 16th-Century Spain
The reasons which led to the creation of the Segovia Mint in the last decades of the 16th. Century, were several and the objective of this work is to analyze each one of them. The most important one is related with Geography, its strategic location near the river Eresma and the Royal Monastery of San Lorenzo de El Escorial. The research also will examine the debasement of currency as a state strategy, but also as a vital tool used by counterfeiters. Likewise, the presence of the Inquisition, an institution that reported directly to the monarch, will be analyzed. Within a repressive context, it was part of border control to prevent precious metals from leaving the Spanish peninsula. Therefore, it will work with bibliography from both History and Numismatics, as well as sources from the period under analysis. It should also be noted that currency was a fundamental element during this period, along with portraits of the era, in making the image of the monarch known to society. The aforementioned reforms enabled an improvement in monetary issuance and also strengthened state control to prevent counterfeiting and adulteration, while preventing the outflow of scarce precious metals. In view of the above, this paper proposes to take a look at what happened in Habsburg Spain during the final years of Philip II's reign.
Assessment of the Availability and Adequacy of Library Resources in Federal College of Education, Yola
The objective of this study is to assess the availability and adequacy of library resources for effective teaching and learning in federal College of Education Yola. Three research questions and three research hypotheses were raised to guide the conduct of the study. This study adopted a descriptive survey research design to assess the availability and adequacy of Library resources for effective teaching and learning in federal College of Education Yola. The overall population across these three respondent categories amounted to 6645. To ensure adequate representation across the categories of the respondents, a stratified random sampling technique was employed. The sample size was determined using Taro Yamane (1967) formula for sample size from a finite population. Using this formula, the calculated sample size was 589 respondents comprising of 376 students, 192 lecturers and 21 Library staff. The data collected were analysed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). Descriptive statistics, including frequencies and percentages, were employed to summarize the demographic data. Mean scores and standard deviations were utilized to address the research questions posed in the study, while the hypotheses were tested using ANOVA, with statistical analyses conducted at a 95% confidence level. The results further suggest that there are considerable opportunities for enhancement to improve both the availability and sufficiency of library resources, provided that challenges such as poor preservation conditions, disorganized materials, a lack of current resources, inadequate technological integration, absence of systematic needs assessment, limited up-to-date materials, insufficient budgetary allocation, power outages, inadequate library staffing, and insufficient functional ICT facilities are effectively addressed. Addressing these challenges requires strategic interventions.
Teaching-Learning, Library Resources, Demographic Data, SPSS, CoE Yola.
Sustainable Electrochemical Recycling of Spent Zinc–Carbon and Alkaline Batteries to Produce Graphene for High-Performance Supercapacitors
This paper demonstrates a simple and environmentally friendly approach for recycling spent batteries to produce graphene materials for supercapacitor applications. Using electrochemical exfoliation, graphene was successfully synthesized from the graphite cores of discarded zinc–carbon and alkaline batteries. The synthesized graphene was subsequently employed as an active electrode material for symmetric supercapacitors. Structural characterization via XRD, SEM, EDX, and Raman spectroscopy confirms that the recycled graphene exhibits a well-defined layered structure, high carbon purity (> 80 wt%), large specific surface area, and appropriate surface chemistry. Electrochemical measurements demonstrate that supercapacitors based on recycled graphene electrodes exhibit near-ideal capacitive behavior, rapid charge–discharge response, and excellent cycling stability with over 90% capacitance retention after 1,000 charge–discharge cycles. Compared with conventional battery recycling methods such as mechanical separation, pyrometallurgy, and hydrometallurgy, the proposed electrochemical exfoliation approach offers clear advantages including lower energy consumption, reduced chemical usage, and the production of high-value nanomaterials. This approach not only contributes to mitigating environmental pollution associated with hazardous waste from spent batteries but also enables the production of high-value graphene at significantly lower cost than commercial materials, aligning with circular economy principles and supporting the development of sustainable energy storage systems.
Graphene, Battery Recycling, Electrochemical Exfoliation, Circular Economy, Sustainable Materials, Supercapacitor.
Assessment of the Application of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Classroom Management in Secondary Schools in Adamawa State in Nigeria
Educators are actively seeking methods to seamlessly incorporate Artificial Intelligence (AI) into education curricula, recognizing the importance of equipping students for the challenges of an AI-driven future. It is against this backdrop that this paper is designed to assess the application of into Classroom Management in Secondary Schools in Adamawa State, Nigeria. This research utilized a descriptive survey research design. The research was carried out in Yola-North LGA, Adamawa State, Nigeria, with a focus on Secondary Schools. The data gathered for the study were analyzed using simple percentages for the demographic data, while mean scores and standard deviations were employed to address the research questions posed in the study. The evaluation of the implementation of AI in classroom management uncovers a scenario marked by considerable potential, moderate current usage, and significant infrastructural challenges. This shows that despite the benefits of integrating AI in classroom management, the deployment of AI in classroom management is also impeded by various obstacles, including: concerns regarding data privacy and security, the risk of algorithmic bias, resistance to change from educators and administrators, insufficient infrastructure, the high costs associated with AI technology implementation, and cultural and language barriers. Based on the above conclusion, the researchers recommend: Educators need to be trained not only in the utilization of AI tools but also in the principles of data stewardship and instead of relying on straightforward word-for-word translation, educational institutions should leverage AI models that facilitate 'translanguaging'—a process in which multilingual individuals draw upon their entire linguistic repertoire.
Assessment, Artificial Intelligence (AI), Classroom Management, Secondary Schools in Adamawa State, Nigeria.
Exploring Activities of Urban Based Town Unions and Community Development in the Northern Senatorial District of Cross River State, Nigeria
This study examined the extent to which the activities of urban bused town union relate to community development in the Northern senatorial district of Cross River Stale. A sample of six hundred registered members of urban based town unions were used for the study. A purposive random sampling technique was adopted in selecting the respondents used for the study. A research instrument titled "Urban Based Town Union Activities and Community Development Questionnaire" (UBTUACDQ) was used for data collection. The data obtained were analyzed using Pearson's product moment correlation. The results of the analysis revealed that the activities of town unions in terms of youth vocational skills and adult literacy relates with community development in the Northern senatorial district of Cross River Stale. Based on the results, it was recommended that Community members and youths should be trained on vocational skills for empowerment and self-reliance. Also, community leaders and officers should create more awareness on the benefits of adult literacy programmes to members of the community. Furthermore, government should establish banks and other financial institutions in the rural communities to enable members have access to credit facilities to empower themselves. Finally, urban-based town unions should carryout enlightenment campaign on their developmental activities.
Activities of Urban Based Town Unions, Community Development, Pearson Correlation, Northern Senatorial District, Cross River State, Nigeria.
Integrated Cybersecurity Toolkit: Analysis of Real-Time Password, Keystroke, and Network Vulnerability
Cybersecurity threats targeting user-level applications and network interfaces are growing increasingly sophisticated, requiring proactive and adaptive defense mechanisms. This project presents a multi-module cybersecurity toolkit that integrates three major components — password strength analysis, keystroke monitoring, and port vulnerability scanning — into a unified framework for real-time protection and assessment. The password analysis module evaluates user-generated passwords using rule-based heuristics, entropy scoring, and machine learning models to detect weak or predictable credentials. The keystroke monitoring module employs keystroke dynamics and anomaly detection algorithms to identify irregular typing patterns that may indicate unauthorized access or potential keylogging activities. The port vulnerability scanner uses active probing methods, leveraging libraries such as Nmap and Scapy, to detect open or misconfigured network ports, classify risks, and recommend mitigation strategies. The toolkit is implemented in Python with a graphical interface developed using Tkinter, ensuring accessibility for both technical and non-technical users. Experimental testing demonstrates the toolkit’s ability to identify weaknesses, enhance user security awareness, and provide actionable insights. Additionally, the modular architecture allows seamless integration with other security systems, making it suitable for both personal and institutional use. Future enhancements will incorporate advanced AI-driven detection and automated mitigation capabilities to strengthen cyber resilience.
Cybersecurity Toolkit, Password Strength Analysis, Keystroke Monitoring, Port Vulnerability Scanning, User Security, Multi Module System.
Determination of Physical Properties and Suitability of Base Course Materials of Selected Sources in Madhesh Province, Nepal
The physical properties of materials used in the base course of pavement play a critical role in determining the quality of road construction. Aggregates from different river sources exhibit varying physical, chemical, and geotechnical properties. In Madhesh Province, different aggregate sources are used for road construction, so determining the values of the physical properties of aggregates for the base course and conducting suitability research is essential for road construction projects. The primary objective of this research is to assess the physical properties of base course aggregates available in Madhesh province and to evaluate their suitability according to the "SSRBW 2016 (2nd Amendments 2022)" published by the DoR, with a focus on strength and durability. Base course aggregate samples from Madhesh Province were collected for this research. According to the IS code and the manual of standard tests published by the DoR, laboratory tests were conducted on sixty-six samples of twenty-two locations of twenty-two rivers to determine various physical properties, including gradation analysis, water absorption & specific gravity, combined EI and FI, ACV, LAAV, AIV and CBR value. Out of twenty-two river sources, twenty-one source samples met the specified requirements.
Water Absorption, Specific Gravity, Combined EI and FI Aggregate, Impact Value Test, Gradation Analysis, Aggregate Crushing Value, Base Course, California Bearing Ratio Value Test, Los Angeles Abrasion Value Test.
Study of Digital Transformation of the Automotive Industry and the Security of Communication Protocols
The automotive industry's rapid digital transformation has led to modern vehicles being fitted with advanced communication networks, intelligent control systems and Internet of Things (IoT) technologies. While these developments enable seamless connectivity, autonomous functionalities and enhanced user experience, they also introduce new cybersecurity challenges. This paper analyses the evolution of in-vehicle communication protocols, such as CAN, LIN, FlexRay and Automotive Ethernet, emphasizing their role in facilitating data exchange between electronic control units (ECUs). Particular focus is placed on identifying potential security vulnerabilities arising from limitations in protocol design and inadequate authentication or encryption mechanisms. Furthermore, the study explores contemporary approaches to securing automotive communication, including message authentication, intrusion detection systems, and cryptographic solutions. The aim is to emphasize the importance of incorporating cybersecurity principles into the architecture of connected and autonomous vehicles, ensuring reliability, safety and data integrity in the digital mobility era.
Network Security, Communication Protocol, Cloud Computing, LIN, IoT, ECU, Automotive Industry.
Enhancing Cloud Data Security Through AES Encryption and SHA-256 Integrity Verification
Cloud computing has emerged as a transformative technology that provides scalable, flexible, and cost-effective solutions for data storage, processing, and management. Despite its extensive adoption, it continues to face significant security challenges concerning the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of data. Threats such as data breaches, unauthorized access, and malicious tampering are particularly critical in sensitive domains like healthcare, finance, and e-learning, where data privacy is paramount. To mitigate these issues, this research introduces a hybrid cryptographic framework that combines the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES-256) for secure data encryption with the Secure Hash Algorithm (SHA-256) for integrity verification. The proposed system was implemented and tested on Amazon Web Services (AWS), leveraging S3 for data storage and Identity and Access Management (IAM) for access control. Various file types—including text, image, and multimedia—were encrypted on a MacBook Air M2 prior to uploading. Performance metrics such as encryption and decryption time, hashing duration, upload/download latency, and system resource utilization were measured, along with security evaluations involving hash verification, unauthorized access detection, and tampering simulations. Experimental results demonstrate that the integration of AES-256 and SHA-256 provides a robust, scalable, and efficient data protection mechanism for cloud environments. This dual-layer framework effectively ensures both confidentiality and integrity without imposing substantial performance overhead, making it suitable for real-world deployment. Furthermore, the study addresses existing research gaps in dynamic data protection and large-scale data optimization while paving the way for future advancements such as multi-cloud integration, adaptive access control, and intelligent threat detection mechanisms.
Cloud Security, Data Security, AES-256, SHA-256, Cryptography, Data Integrity, Data Confidentiality, Hybrid Encryption, Cloud Storage, Amazon Web Services (AWS), Identity and Access Management (IAM), Hash Verification, Data Protection.
Modified Big Bang Theory of Cosmology: Observational Validation and Implications for an Expanding Universe
The standard cosmological model, grounded in the Big Bang theory and general relativity, does not resolve the Hubble tension or cosmological constant issues. This model also aligns with Newton’s gravitational theory while adhering to the cosmological principle. The modified big bang theory of cosmology was validated by the observational evidences. This model was verified by applying the model to resolve the Hubble tension problem. In this article, cosmological constant problem is solved first by applying the modified big bang theory of cosmology and then the model is verified once again by the observational evidences. Acceleration of the universe's expansion is confirmed from the observed location of different galaxies.
Galaxies, Modified Big Bang Theory, Newton’s Theory, Cosmology, Hubble Tension, Cosmological Constant, Dark Energy.
Investigation of Factors Affecting the Participation of Young Adults in Community Development Projects in Abakaliki Local Government Area of Ebonyi State, Nigeria
The purpose of this study is to investigate factors affecting the participation of young adults in community development projects in Abakiliki Local Government Arae of Ebonyi State. Literature was reviewed according to the variables of study. Survey research design was adopted for this study. Three null hypotheses were formulated and tested and a sample of two thousand and fifty (2,500) respondents was adopted for the study. The simple random technique was used for this study. The main instrument for data collection was the questionnaire. One way analysis of variance was employed for data analysis at .05 level of significance. The result shows that there was a significant influence of literacy level, skill acquisition and public awareness on participation of young adults in community development projects in the study area. These findings formed the basis of the recommendations made in this study that government should embark on adult literacy programmes in the various communities in the study area as the main option for the literacy and semi-illiterate.
Adult Community, Literacy, Skill, Awareness, Education, Societal Values, Nigeria.