Solanum Nigrum and Its Therapeutic Applications in Oral Mucosal Lesions: A Review

Abstract

Oral mucosal lesions represent a wide range of pathological conditions affecting the lining of the oral cavity. These lesions may develop due to trauma, infections, immune-mediated disorders, nutritional deficiencies, systemic diseases, or adverse drug reactions. Common examples include recurrent aphthous ulcers, oral mucositis, leukoplakia, oral lichen planus, and oral candidiasis. Such conditions often cause pain, inflammation, ulceration, and discomfort that can significantly interfere with normal oral functions such as mastication, speech, and swallowing. Conventional treatment strategies for oral mucosal lesions usually involve the use of corticosteroids, antimicrobial agents, analgesics, and antifungal drugs. Although these treatments may provide symptomatic relief, long-term use can lead to undesirable side effects and the possibility of drug resistance. Medicinal plants have gained increasing importance in recent years due to their therapeutic properties and relatively fewer adverse effects. Solanum nigrum, commonly known as black nightshade, is a medicinal herb widely used in traditional systems of medicine such as Ayurveda and Siddha. The plant contains several bioactive compounds including steroidal alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, tannins, and phenolic compounds that contribute to its pharmacological properties. Studies have demonstrated that extracts of Solanum nigrum possess antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, immunomodulatory, and wound-healing activities. These biological effects may play an important role in the prevention and management of oral mucosal lesions by reducing inflammation, inhibiting microbial growth, and promoting tissue regeneration. The present review aims to discuss the etiology, classification, and clinical manifestations of oral mucosal lesions while highlighting the phytochemical composition and pharmacological mechanisms through which Solanum nigrum may contribute to their management.